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Journal Molluscan Studies Advance Access originally published online on December 9, 2008
Journal of Molluscan Studies 2009 75(1):69-73; doi:10.1093/mollus/eyn042
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Malacological Society of London, all rights reserved

Ultrastructure of epidermal cilia and ciliary rootlets in Scaphopoda

Kennet Lundin1, Christoffer Schander2,3 and Christiane Todt2

1 Göteborg Natural History Museum, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, PO Box 7283, SE-48235 Göteborg, Sweden; 2 University of Bergen, Department of Biology, PO Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway; and 3 Centre for Geobiology, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway

Correspondence: K. Lundin; e-mail: kennet.lundin{at}vgregion.se


  Abstract

Ciliary structure in Scaphopoda is hitherto unknown and may provide information useful for phylogenetic analyses. Here we describe the ultrastructure of the ciliary apparatus of multiciliated epidermal cells of four species of Scaphopoda: Antalis entalis, Antalis occidentalis, Entalina tetragona and Cadulus propinquus, revealed by transmission electron microscopy. In all studied species the cilia have long whip-like distal ends. The rootlet apparatus consists of a basal foot, a short anterior ciliary rootlet and a long vertical rootlet. In other molluscan classes, the presence of an anterior rootlet has previously only been shown in species of the Neomeniomorpha, Chaetodermomorpha and Polyplacophora, while such a rootlet is absent in Gastropoda, Bivalvia and Cephalopoda. Twin rootlets, such as present in species of lamellibranch Bivalvia and postembryonic Cephalopoda probably represent a split vertical rootlet. The discovery of an anterior rootlet in Scaphopoda shows that the presence of paired ciliary rootlets is not a synapomorphy of a clade comprising the aplacophoran Neomeniomorpha and Chaetodermomorpha and the Polyplacophora, but that it represents a plesiomorphy of the Mollusca.

(Received 22 February 2008; accepted 24 October 2008)


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